A number of new vaccines are being developed against microbial pathogens that might be used as bioweapons.
But when S. aureus penetrates that physical barrier to the microbial pathogens that coat us and float around us, it becomes a dangerous beast.
In addition, it is an important target for microbial pathogens that manipulate the cell to survive, proliferate and sometimes persist within a host.
Anesthesia and aseptic methods in surgery were developed during this period, and the emergence of germ theory through work of Pasteur, Koch, and others made it possible to identify the microbial pathogens that cause common diseases like whooping cough, syphilis, and cholera (Porter 1998; Gluckman et al. 2009).
A wide variety of microbial pathogens that may pose a risk to human health are known to be abundant in the treated sewage and considered the major source of faecal contamination in aquatic ecosystems (Scott et al. 2003; Tyagi et al. 2006).
Anatomical analysis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of lymphocyte-like cells in gills, and these cells underwent morphological changes in response to microbial pathogens that are reminiscent of those of mammalian lymphocytes executing immune response to microbial challenge.
This has led to calls for alternative technologies that are effective against the full array of microbial pathogens, that can be deployed and used at a large scale with minimum programmatic support, and that will be embraced by the target population[21].
A multiplex real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was developed to detect simultaneously from the same specimen a batch of nine microbial pathogens that are frequently associated with acute respiratory tract infections, including Influenza A virus, Influenza B virus, Parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3, Rhinovirus, Respiratory Syncytial virus, Adenovirus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
