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Trypanosomes and some other microbial parasites, for example, can change their coat proteins to evade attack by the host's immune system.
Besides phage genome evolution, the CRISPR system might additionally have an effect on the evolution of other microbial parasites, like plasmids and other mobile elements.
A broad range of cytotoxic abilities might explain why mosses can survive in moist environments mainly unplagued by microbial parasites, without the protection of a cuticula.
Sources of NF-κB activators include tumor cells and microbial parasites of mammals, since both employ inhibition of apoptosis for survival in the host.
It has been suggested that cocoons may protect the pupae either against 1) environmental fluctuation in temperature and humidity, 2) predators and parasitoids, or 3) microbial parasites and pathogens [ 17].
Recurrent selective sweeps have been repeatedly suggested to determine coevolutionary dynamics for parasite or host systems with large population sizes such as bacterial hosts or microbial parasites, where novel mutations are frequent and often directly exposed to selection because of a haploid genetic system.
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The present study is of the latter type and focuses on a social insect that is known to have at least two microbial mutualists and one microbial parasite [ 15- 18].
While such experiments are likely to be extremely difficult in natural populations, lab-based microbial host-parasite systems may provide important insights [13], [14], [15].
The availability of cord blood serum and other biological samples, will allow to further study risk factors for asthma and atopy during early childhood, including the effects of particular factors related to poverty, such as early microbial and parasite exposure.
A widespread phenomenon in nature is sex ratio distortion of arthropod populations caused by microbial and genetic parasites.
Plants have evolved a powerful immune system to resist their potential colonization by microbial pathogens and parasites.
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