With relation to the immune system, this activation of zymogenic proPO into active PO is triggered by the presence of minute amounts of compounds of microbial origins such as β-glucans, lipopolysaccharides, and peptidoglycans [ 23].
Natural products of microbial origin are particularly rich in such activities.
The presence of plant growth regulators such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins of microbial origin (Tomati et al. 1988) and humic acids (Atiyeh et al. 2002) has been reported in vermicompost.
Many researchers, however, speculated about the role of secretary enzymes such as NADH-dependent reductase of microbial origin, which may be responsible for the reduction in metal ions for growth and nucleation of nanoparticles [25, 26].
The Nalp3 inflammasome is known to be activated by compounds of microbial origin and also by molecules that appear when cells die, such as uric acid.
The current use of ingredients of animal origin, such as egg yolk, in semen extenders presents a risk of microbial contamination, and has led to the search for alternatives.
The biosorbent term refers to material derived from microbial biomass, seaweed or plants that exhibit adsorptive property, so that materials of natural origin (such as agricultural wastes) are generally used in biosorption studies (Kaur et al. 2013).
Accordingly, plant lectins have an obvious preference for binding to sugar structures of animal, fungal or microbial origin, and are usually at highest concentrations in plant parts essential for reproductive success such as seed germs.
T lymphocyte cells can be activated by autoantigens, such as oxLDL and heat-shock proteins (HSPs, both of endogenous and microbial origin).
