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From a health perspective, these guidelines principally focus on microbial hazards and use a Quantitative Microbial Risk Management (QMRA) process for guideline setting.
The use of surrogate animals to characterize microbial hazards and establish dose-response relations provides a means for eliminating a number of the limitations of human-volunteer studies while still maintaining the use of intact animals to examine disease processes.
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In addition to fecally borne pathogens, other microbial hazards (toxic Cyanobacteria and Legionella) may be of public health importance under specific circumstances.
These guidelines are for the application of hazard characterization to microbial hazards in water and food.
A scoping study was conducted to identify all published prevalence, risk factor, and intervention research investigating 16 microbial hazards in leafy green vegetables and to evaluate the volume, main characteristics, basic aspects of methodological soundness and/or reporting, and the main knowledge gaps and research needs.
This chapter outlines the main microbial hazards associated with ruminant animals, pigs and poultry and the general and targeted approaches taken to control pathogens in these reservoirs.
The most important way to cut down on these microbial hazards is to wash hands and any utensils or work surfaces that touch raw meat, poultry or fish before and after handling the food.
Risk assessment and hazard characterization for microbial hazards should provide risk managers with a "best estimate" of the risk and the dose-response relationship, as free from bias as possible.
In addition to meat, poultry and fish, the most susceptible foods to microbial hazards are egg products, potatoes, pasta salads, custards and cream-filled desserts.
Microbial hazards in stormwater, especially human viruses, represent the primary public health threat.
Compared with our previous study (Woldetsadik et al. 2017) which focused on microbial hazards of wastewater irrigation, it is clear that heavy metals pose relatively no risk to local inhabitants through the consumption of leafy vegetables grown on wastewater- irrigated vegetable farming sites.
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