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This raises the possibility that we can improve mouse models of vaccination and immunity by selective microbial exposure of laboratory animals to mimic that of humans.
The major microbial exposure of individual mice is to the microbiota of other mice through contact such as coprophagy [39].
It has been shown that restricting microbial exposure of chicken during early life has impact on mucin production [ 25].
This differential may be explained by the choice of population marker or differences in microbial exposure of respective experimental mice, which may have altered the frequency of activated CD25+ effector T cells.
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Additional studies are required to carefully investigate the impact of microbial exposure on lymphocyte development and function.
The very limited literature on microbial growth responses to CO and CO-RMs in vitro, and the transcriptomic and physiological consequences of microbial exposure to CO and CO-RMs are reviewed.
They may depend on the severity of the bacterial load, the duration of microbial exposure, the type of bacterial predominance (aerobic, anaerobic, or mixed), and the patient's predisposition, including underlying diseases and individual susceptibility to infection [ 13, 14].
Significant predictors of home microbial exposure encompass categories of dampness, pets, cleaning, and demographics (SES, race/ethnicity, and sex).
We investigated the association of FeNO as a potential biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation and microbial exposure variables, independently of any association with asthma or atopy.
Application of FCs would therefore provide a poor metric to assess risks of microbial exposure or the effectiveness of WASH interventions in reducing risks arising from human fecal contamination in this rural Indian setting.
These findings support the hypothesis that low biodiversity and related changes in microbial exposure might be of importance in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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