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Published in the journal Science, the proposal calls for a microbial equivalent of the Seed Vault, a secure cavern built into a mountainside on Svalbard Island in Norway where scientists hope to preserve the natural biodiversity of plants.
A handful of professors, one of whom was dressed as a stuffed olive, wandered among the students, and members of the F.B.I.'s Biological Countermeasures Unit handed out "BACTERIA OF INTEREST" trading cards the microbial equivalent of the deck that the Pentagon created, in 2003, of Saddam Hussein and his loyalists.
A handful of professors, one of whom was dressed as a stuffed olive, wandered among the students, and members of the F.B.I.'s Biological Countermeasures Unit handed out "BACTERIA OF INTEREST" trading cards — the microbial equivalent of the deck that the Pentagon created, in 2003, of Saddam Hussein and his loyalists.
Microorganisms are the microbial equivalent of totem.
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The basic job of the immune system is to differentiate self from non-self, and keep the microbial equivalents of someone else's underwear out of the immunological analogue of our underwear drawer.
Like their modern counterparts, they may have lived in the equivalent of microbial cities that hosted thousands of kinds of bacteria, each specialised for a different task and communicating with the others via chemical signals.
Even at these large sampling volumes, DNA extractions from low biomass samples rarely produce more than a few picograms of DNA, the equivalent of a few thousand microbial cells (1000 cells x 1 fg DNA per cell = 1 pg) [ 9].
Our use of antibiotic pharmaceuticals has produced what some describe as the equivalent of nuclear devastation to this microbial landscape.
However, using current sequencing technologies, metagenomics is still a long way from providing genome-scale information for each member of a microbial community equivalent to that obtained from microorganisms isolated in pure culture.
Both pathways culminate with the nuclear translocation of an NF-κB transcription factor and activate the expression of anti-microbial peptide (AMP) coding genes in the fat body (a functional equivalent of the mammalian liver).
The banking equivalent of Toyota?
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com