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TLR2, in cooperation with TLR1 and TLR6, recognizes several microbial components such as lipoteichoic acids and lipoproteins [1].
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize a broad spectrum of microbial components such as lipopeptides and non-self nucleic acids [1].
Microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or outer membrane proteins derived from Gram-negative bacteria can hyperactivate the host immune response via binding to pattern-recognition receptors [10], [11].
Other microbial components, such as peptidoglycan, may be important factors in modulating host glucose metabolism and adiposity.
Microbial components, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram negative bacteria, are ubiquitously present in the environment, including the ambient air.
Microbial components, such as LPS of Gram-negative bacteria, are strong stimuli of NF-κB in kidney resident cells and infiltrating immune cells [ 69].
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Together, these data provide experimental evidence that prenatal exposure to a microbial component such as LPS can modify the immune response to allergen exposure later in life.
The first group is expressed on cell surfaces and recognizes mainly microbial membrane components such as lipids, lipoproteins and proteins.
11 The first group of TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR6) recognizes mainly microbial membrane components such as lipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and lipoproteins.
It is up-regulated on neutrophils as a physiological response to microbial wall components such as lipopolysaccharide, complement split products, as well as cytokines (interferon gamma and granulocyte colony stimulating factor) [ 6].
Factors that have been shown to have an impact on wound healing are microbial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (Koff et al. 2006), microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (Wilson and Gibson 1997) and other secreted factors such as the toxin C3-transferase from Clostridium botulinum (Aepfelbacher et al. 1997).
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