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This chapter provides information and insights into the effects of chitosan chemistry and interactions with microbial cell walls and on antimicrobial actions.
Some compounds penetrate microbial cell walls and inactivate essential membrane transport systems so that the cells can no longer obtain the nutrients necessary for them to survive and to reproduce.
Biodegradation assays revealed that bacterial metabolism of hydrocarbons occurred through reactions based on oxidation, carbon carbon bond cleavage and generation of new bonds or by the physical incorporation of hydrocarbons into microbial cell walls.
When designing novel antimicrobial agents, enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of microbial cell walls are generally good targets.
Microbial cell walls provide an ideal surface for mineral nucleation with large numbers of regularly-spaced, chemically-identical nucleation sites (e.g., carboxyl groups and amino functional groups, Eqn. 3).
For example, since crustacean shells are not soluble in standard aqueous media, the direct degradation and separation of α-chitin from shrimp and crab shells (and/or microbial cell walls) poses a significant challenge.
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An expert on the microbial cell wall, Dr. Salton's distinguished career at NYU spanned nearly 30 years.
Mutanolysin, lysozyme and lysostaphin, the glycosidases and endopeptidase specific for microbial cell wall, were used to remove the cell wall from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
In the targeting of complement activation to the surfaces of nanoparticulate material, such as engineered nanoparticles or fragments of the microbial cell wall, these processes play intimately together.
Direct in vivo visualization, in full atomic detail, of the microbial cell wall and its stress-bearing structural architecture remains one of the prime challenges in microbiology.
With respect to DNA degradation, we find that DNA fragmentation patterns within dental calculus are associated with the genomic source of the DNA (human vs. microbial) but not with cellular structure (e.g., microbial cell wall type or presence of a surface-layer).
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