However, MITXM-61 was shown to be sensitive to certain compounds present in these hydrolysates that interfere with the growth and metabolic activity of microbial cells, resulting in low yield and productivity in fermentation processes using this strain.
Sawai et al. attributed the antimicrobial action of zinc oxide powder slurry to the liberation of hydrogen peroxide; they suggested that hydrogen peroxide crosses the microbial cell membrane, resulting in growth inhibition or destruction [2].
Chitosan is a natural biocompatible cationic polysaccharide that interacts with microbial cell membranes, resulting in disruption of bacterial cells (Arciola et al. 2012).
In immuno-priming, β-glucans bind to the CR-3 receptor present on innate immune cells resulting in enhanced chemotaxis, phagocytosis and microbial killing [ 18].
Tannins, for example, form irreversible complexes with proline-rich protein, resulting in the inhibition of microbial cell protein synthesis.
Furthermore, the increased protease activity at the end of hydrolysis could be explained by the stagnating microbial cell growth due to a lack of substrate, resulting in the digestion of protein-rich cell debris.
More interestingly, the deletion of ldhA resulted in an increase in microbial cell growth.
In fact, it was shown that monoterpenes in essential oils are able to affect cellular integrity resulting in alteration in permeability of microbial cell and mitochondria membranes.
Many previous studies on the physicochemistry of microbial cell surfaces have shown that the presence of (glyco-) proteinaceous material on the cell surface results in higher hydrophobicity, whereas hydrophilic surfaces are generally associated with the presence of polysaccharides [ 17].
A number of variables may be associated with detachment of microbial cells from a biofilm (29 ), resulting in erosion or sloughing.
