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Other biodegradable plastics are more susceptible to microbial attack in the natural environment than PLA (Tokiwa and Calabia 2006), required time and temperature are lower.
However, the functional studies as such remain largely lacking, and little is known about the protection of early embryos against microbial attack in the invertebrates.
Are embryos or larvae highly sensitive to eutrophication or microbial attack in the water column?
Such Acps might successively protect sperm from microbial attack in the reproductive tracts of both sexes, as well as coat eggs when they are laid.
Instead, a thick layer of cuticle structure was found on the outer layer of the epidermis cells, which may help to prevent water loss and to protect against microbial attack in the natural environment.
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If the same proteins involved in preventing microbial attack are involved in sperm/egg recognition, this could lead to the rapid evolution of sperm proteins to keep up with the ever-changing egg proteins.
As it can be seen in the image, the microbial attack has resulted in the formation of microcracks (arrow) along which the grains of pigment are partially emerging.
Conversely, an increase in bone porosity, and related fluid circulation, could result in microbial attack and the dissolution of crystals, which could potentiate the deposition of exogenous DNA templates on the fraction of bone powder that appeared easily decalcified (here, TP1 and TP2 extracts) [ 27, 28].
A novel platform consisting of a multilayered substrate, activated graphite-like carbon film, and dense forest of long, vertically-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes grown by the chemical vapor deposition is designed, fabricated, and tested for covalent immobilization of enzymatic biocatalysts with the aim of protecting them from shear forces and microbial attacks present in bioreactors.
Generally, reduced particle size provides larger surface area for microbial attack but leads to limitation in interparticle space availability and heat transfer.
However, less is understood about the regulatory genes which are active in the response to microbial attack, and there is no exhaustive metabolomics profile detailing the changes in heat treated pericarp.
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