Extracts with a good antimicrobial activity or good antioxidant activity and low toxicity may be useful in addressing animal health and productivity in aspects such as microbial infections, replacing antibiotic feed additives and treating infectious diarrhoea, a focus area of the Phytomedicine Programme.
The study of genetic diversity within bacterial species has provided information on aspects such as virulence (1, 2 ), antimicrobial drug resistance (3 ), epidemiology, and microbial evolution (4 – 7 ).
GSMMs have been successfully applied to many aspects, such as the design of the metabolic engineering strategies, the understanding of microbial physiology, the contextualization of various omics data, etc. [ 18, 19].
GC and IWD contributed to the microbial aspects and valuable discussions.
Microbial flocculants are mainly divided into three types according to their compositions [12]: (1) microbial cells such as some bacteria; (2) microbial cell extracts such as yeast cell wall glucan; and (3) microbial metabolites.
Additionally, FGF has several applications in microbial genomics such as pathogenic detection and strain identification.
M1 macrophages are induced by interferon-γ and microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide [9].
Other microbial adjuvants, such as chitin, alternatively activate macrophages to drive TH2 immunity [7].
This serves to emphasise that current knowledge of the fine-scale aspects of soil nematode community dynamics (especially in relation to responses to perturbation) is very limited, particularly in comparison with other microbial groups such as bacteria and fungi.
The release of microbial inhibitors such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acetic acid, and low molecular weight phenolic compounds is an additional major consideration of pretreatment processes, other than sugar yields, that is highly relevant to the co-design aspect for downstream fermentation [ 38].
