Citrullinated antigens exist in the synovial tissues, but they are hardly specific.
Carbohydrate moeities appear to be important microbial antigens recognized by the insect innate immune system.
DCs exist in tissues and blood in an immature state, but when encountering invading microbes, microbial antigens, or upon exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, these cells undergo a tightly regulated maturation process [15].
Microbial antigens, such as bacterial and fungal antigens, also can be specifically recognized by CLL BCR.
The gut mucosa is continuously exposed to food and microbial antigens.
These vaccines, usually composed of microbial antigens, are often associated with an adjuvant that activates dendritic cells (DCs).
Also chronic stimulation by microbial antigens (and, possibly, autoantigens) appears to play a role in the development of certain lymphomas.
The most recently described serum markers directed against microbial antigens are anti-glycan-antibodies.
Recent studies have also shown that exosomes containing microbial antigens can protect against infection.
The role of enteric microflora in IBD pathophysiology is highlighted by the presence of antibody reactivity to microbial antigens.
