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In infectious diseases, a single host may harbor a complex mixture of microbes that evolve new traits over short periods of time (e.g. drug resistance or shifts in tropism, see [5]).
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In that scenario, microbes that evolved to spoil food would always be outcompeted by microbes that just reaped the benefits without investing in spoiling the food themselves.
Recent findings suggest that the PD-1/PD-L1 playsan plays an important role in the interaction between host and pathogenic microbes that evolved to resist immune responses.
They have a potential ally: microbes that have evolved an ability to break down oil that seeps from the ocean bottom.
Besides serving as a cautionary tale for researchers conducting experimental evolution, future work to uncover the basis of this type of phenomenon in the laboratory may hold relevance for understanding natural microbes that have evolved to the physiological consequences of life at low cell densities.
Since the advent of penicillin, civilization has been in a constant race against microbes that can often evolve in ways that render antimicrobials useless.
By comparing the genes and fossils on different branches of the tree of life, scientists can reconstruct the history that produced the animals, plants and microbes that are still evolving today.
This is because the microbes that cause them are constantly evolving.
Dr. Claverie speculates that pandoraviruses and other giant viruses evolved from free-living microbes that branched off from other life several billion years ago.
Microbes that have adopted endosymbiotic life styles not only have evolved to live in specialized habitats within living organisms, but the living habitats also have evolved to accommodate them.
Microbes that are capable of living in these hostile environments have evolved special mechanisms for survival.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com