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Michael Fischbach, a biologist at the University of California, San Francisco, and his colleagues have discovered a wealth of promising druglike molecules made by microbes in human bodies.
Leveraging this approach to understand roles of microbes in human biology and other environments requires quantitative data summaries whose values are comparable across samples and studies.
And although immunologist David Relman at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, cautions against ascribing too great importance to the role of microbes in human diabetes, he does think the results are worth noting: "If nothing else, this forces us to put another variable on the table that's not been a part of the mix".
This information may be used to detect novel microbes in human tissues.
In this issue, we launch a new article series highlighting the application of genomic and other high-throughput approaches to investigate the role of microbes in human health and disease.
We identified a set of 2.6 M 15-mers that are more than 1 nucleotide different from all 15-mers in the human genome and so could be used as probes to detect microbes in human samples.
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Researchers have had trouble, however, pinning down connections between health and these microbes in humans, in part because it's difficult to make people change their diets for the weeks and months researchers thought it would take to alter the gut microbes and see an effect on health.
Bacteriotherapy is a new and extremely promising manipulation of microbes in humans to control disease (Khoruts et al. 2010).
The discovery of enterotypes follows on years of work mapping the diversity of microbes in the human body — the human microbiome, as it is known.
Not only that, science is beginning to catch up with nature in terms of our understanding of the important role that microbes play in human health.
The organism that causes human PCP is now named Pneumocystis jiroveci Frenkel 1999 (pronounced "yee row vet zee"), in honor of the Czech parasitologist Otto Jirovec, who is credited with describing the microbe in humans (15).
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