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These rural populations not only harbor a greater diversity of microbes but also a different cast of lead characters.
To his surprise, he saw not only disease-causing microbes but also microbes that live in specific foods, like chicken or peppers or tomatoes.
The use of antibiotics in the first year of life is associated with an increased risk for asthma at age 7, a new study has found, and the reason may be that antibiotics destroy not only disease-causing microbes, but also those that are helpful to the developing immune system.
These nourish beneficial microbes, but also those that make methane.
Zhang predicts that it's not just the soils' microbes but also the seeds in the added soil that are important.
For infectious diseases, exposure might not only depend on exogenous sources of microbes, but also on the infection status of other individuals in the population.
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However, BDs not only protect the lung against invading microbes, but they also modulate the host immune response by providing an interface between innate and adaptive immune response [47] [50].
Other subsystems, such interaction with host defense systems and transcriptional regulation of host interaction genes, performed less convincingly, possibly because these subsystems are involved in host-microbe interaction but also include other genes not implicated in this biological process.
The genome sequence of M. brunnea reveals many important biological characteristics of the fungus, not only useful for studying the structure, organization and evolution of microbe genomes, but also shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of how pathogens and hosts interact and co-evolve.
Mucosal surfaces; which include the colon, the niche with the highest known density of microbes [ 52]; harbour a large diversity of cellular microbes (mainly Bacteria but also Archaea and various microbial eukaryotes) between which LGT could take place, a mechanism thought to contribute to adaptations to a mucosal life style [ 26, 52, 53].
While we might preen at how far we have come in the past few thousand years, the whole of human history is but the work of a moment next to the three or four billion years that microbes – mostly bacteria, but also their cousins among the archea and single-celled eukaryotes – have ruled the roost.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com