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The disease-causing microbes are passed from animal to animal by ticks, mosquitoes and other insects.
"It elegantly shows that gut microbes are passed vertically, between generations over millions of years".
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"It's surprising that our gut microbes, which we could get from many sources in the environment, have actually been co-evolving inside us for such a long time," said Ochman, who noted that the microbes were passed down over hundreds of thousands of host generations.
Most recently, in utero exposure to a "Western" diet has been shown to alter the offspring's intestinal microbes leaving a "lard legacy," presumably through the alteration of maternal microbes that are passed onto offspring during delivery and lactation.
As drug-resistant strains of microbes evolve on the farms, they are passed along in meat sold in grocery stores.
Microbes such as bacteria and fungi are passed from mothers to babies during birth, while breastfeeding, the surrounding environment and the use of antibiotics are also thought to influence the mix.
These collection points were selected to detect changes in microbe removal as increasing volumes of water are passed through the system.
But Greene wonders if genes could escape from the dying microbes and be passed on to other microbes in the environment.
Plasmids can copy themselves independently and even be passed between microbes, just as construction workers might pass along a handy wrench or hammer.
Cooled gas is passed over the microbe, which converts it to ethanol.
The loss is cumulative: "Each generation is passing on fewer of these microbes," Blaser told me, with the result that the Western microbiome is being progressively impoverished.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com