Antagonist micro-organisms can employ various mechanisms to inhibit the growth of other microbes, including production of toxins, antibiotics and siderophores (Hibbing et al. 2010).
Further studies revealed that macrophages and stromal cells are involved in epithelial repair by the recognition of invading microbes and production of factors regulating epithelial progenitor cell activity [32], [33].
These methods have important applications in bioengineering, especially for microbe-based production of organic molecules.
TMAO is a gut microbe-dependent production of choline and synthesized in liver.
This reaction, called melanization, plays a key role in wound healing, encapsulation, sequestration of microbes and production of toxic intermediates [ 10].
The synthesis and deposition of melanin in the affected area is thought to play an important role in wound healing, captivation and encapsulation of invading microbes and production of toxic substances for subsequent microbial destruction.
On the other hand, if there is no change in phenotype when it is necessary, for instance, if phenotype does not change from the M1 to the M2 type at the end of an inflammatory reaction after the elimination of pathogenic microbes, excessive production of the proinflammatory M1 mediators followed by tissue damage and development of proinflammatory diseases can occur [ 109].
Among the options for achieving the required advances, metabolic engineering offers some powerful tools for remodeling microbes to increase product production rates and molar yields.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is an important industrial microbe for the production of many industrial enzymes and primary metabolites.
Besides proving an excellent host microbe for biofuel production [ 12], it also showed success towards utilization of untreated (without any preprocessing) lignocellulosic material.
