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External corroboration of microarray results using PCR-based methodology also requires validation of appropriate internal reference genes for normalization of expression values.
We performed a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis to confirm the microarray results using total RNA extracted from floral bud clusters up to stage 7. Similar to previous microarray data, we also detected a reduction in YUC4 transcript levels in the ag-1 mutant compared with the wild type (Fig. 2a).
This limitation has prompted genomics researchers to validate a statistically significant subset of their microarray results using a second technique, typically quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
The analysis of microarray results using a traditional 2-fold change in gene expression cutoff and a 10% false-discovery rate revealed a well-developed APR in catfish, with particularly high upregulation (>50-fold) of genes involved in iron homeostasis (i.e. intelectin, hemopexin, haptoglobin, ferritin, and transferrin).
Selection of the reference genes was based on the microarray results using an algorithm described in Popovici et al. (2009).
We next validated the microarray results using qRT-PCR (Figure 2C).
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The database of microarray results used from GeneNetwork was UMUTAffy Hippocampus Exon (Feb09) RMA (GN206) [ 59].
RT-PCR was used for RNA expression analysis of the three down-regulated genes (AK102429, AK111521, and AK064188) from microarray result using the gain-of-resistance mutant and the wild-type IR64 at different time points after infection.
As this gene has been previously shown to be important in the metastatic phenotype of melanoma cell lines (Clark et al, 2000), we confirmed this microarray result using real-time quantitative PCR (RTQ PCR).
Real time PCR was performed on a number of genes to confirm the microarray analysis results using the same RNA samples.
The statistical test detected 563 and 160 clones as differentially expressed in D and NL, respectively (p < 0.01) (See Additional file 2: Microarray results analysed using Limma, Duroc and Additional file 3: Microarray results analysed using Limma, Norwegian Landrace).
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