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Array-based comparative genomic hybridization and other microarray approaches have the potential to reveal other genes that possess tumor-suppressor properties.
Accordingly, there are ongoing efforts to discover diagnostic biomarkers for sepsis (SIRS secondary to infection), and microarray approaches have the potential to enhance these efforts.
Subclass-specific markers based on microarray approaches have been identified and validated by immunohistochemistry [ 86, 87], but have yet to be applied in clinical trials and clinical practice.
In insects, microarray approaches have previously been used for analysis of host-pathogen interactions (for example, for Drosophila: [ 8, 56, 57]; for Anopheles: [ 58]) or host-parasite interactions (for Drosophila: [ 9, 59]; for Anopheles: [ 60]).
As CR-related changes in gene expression can markedly affect the physiological state of an organism, gene expression microarray approaches have been useful in identifying previously unknown CR-responsive genes in a tissue-specific fashion [ 16].
While genome sequencing and microarray approaches have provided important insight into the biology of prokaryotic organisms, including a number of human bacterial pathogens, identification of all genes and their transcriptional patterns remains a major challenge in all areas of biology.
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The introduction of high-throughput genome sequencing and post-genome analysis technologies, e.g. DNA microarray approaches, has created the potential to unravel and scrutinize complex gene-regulatory networks on a large scale.
Although disease-causing genomic alterations are thought to be rare, recent work using high-resolution microarray approaches has indicated that genomic copy-number variation without immediate phenotypic consequences is widespread throughout the entire human genome.
To our knowledge, this is the first time a microarray approach has been applied to the investigation of staphylococcal and meningococcal proteins targeting the human extracellular proteome.
For example, gene expression profiling of metastatic cells using a cDNA microarray approach has identified genes responsible for metastasis [ 27, 37– 37].
The DNA microarray approach has pinpointed some metabolic pathways, which are differentially regulated by phagocytosis and/or growth on bacteria, and has led to identification of several interesting genes, some encoding signal transducers, transcription factors, membrane receptors and other hypothetical membrane proteins.
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