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Expression levels were confirmed by Q-RT-PCR (Table 3) using aliquots sub-sampled from pools of RNA that were used for microarray analysis (technical validation) and RNA collected from repeated, independent biological exposures (biological validation).
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These two miRNAs showed a high level of expression in the microarray analysis, thus technical error could be ruled out.
The qPCR and microarray analysis have inherent technical and data normalization challenges that can lead to variability in results.
A standard normalization procedure was applied to the quantified gene expression values obtained for each printed microarray to facilitate comparisons among individual microarrays (Affymetrix GeneChip Expression Analysis technical Manual, 2004).
For microarray analysis, data points from technical replicate spots falling outside of mean ±1.2 times standard deviation were discarded for every gene.
For the microarray analysis, there were 3 technical replicates for each of the 3 biological samples, resulting in the use of nine microarray slides.
> -wrap-foot> > -wrap-foot> Of the 14 'category-I' AdpA-target transcriptional units, two genes (sprA and sprD) were not detected as genes activated by AdpA in the present DNA microarray analysis, probably because of technical limitations of the analysis.
The authors would like to thank Kimberly Rosvall and Sarah Wanamaker for help with animal handling for the microarray analysis, and gratefully acknowledge the expert technical contributions of Jacqueline Lopez, RNA preparation and microarray experiments, and James Ford and Zach Smith, transcriptome library preparation and sequencing.
Another technical challenge for microarray analysis methodologies comes from the order of discretized gene expression values.
Apart from the technical challenges of microarray analysis this study is limited in resolution ability by the low sampling rate of circadian time series.
Microarray analysis was performed in duplicate for technical replicates and slides were scanned for Cy-3 and Cy-5 signals with an Agilent DNA-microarray scanner as previously done.
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