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DM is the worldwide problem to leading micro vascular and macrovascular complications [ 2].
In the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic Study, lowering of HbA1c toward 6% resulted in significant reductions of micro vascular and macro vascular complications and death related to T2DM, including SHF [ 8].
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It is suggested from the study that GAPDH, a significant enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism, can induce micro vascular complications and faulty insulin signalling in association with SUMO4, growth factor EGFR and IRS in diabetic and obese individuals.
It is part of the specific expression pattern of the micro vascular endothelium and has been proposed as putative drug target to pathological angiogenesis [ 21].
Studies have shown that poor glycemic control is associated with adverse outcomes, including reduction in risk of micro vascular complications and cardiovascular disease [ 3].
Recent studies show that acupuncture treatment can improve regeneration capacity of local micro-vascular and collateral circulation during myocardia ischemia; thereby ameliorating ischemia symptoms [ 10- 13].
In addition, our study also revealed that VEGFA is a micro-vascular leakage and neuronal apoptosis inducer, both micro-vascular and neurons are effected by VEGFA.
Patients with type 2 diabetes are also at risk of developing micro-vascular and macro-vascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus causes significant mortality and morbidity [ 3] due to its long-term micro-vascular and macro-vascular complications, and these adverse outcomes are associated with poorer glycaemic control [ 4].
A non-invasive, bed-side technique that allows access to the micro-vascular and local CBF without any contrast agents and with relative ease of use and deployment is desirable.
Insulin therapy is appropriate for those patients in whom oral hypoglycemic drugs are not very effective, and for those type 2 DM patients who suffer from micro-vascular and macro-vascular complications which are late manifestations of this disease.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com