For example, the models of micro-governance and household cash payment systems developed in some community wildlife programs (Child 2004a,b,2006) are currently being replicated with REDD payments in Tanzania (Morgan Brown, personal communication).
It supported a micro-level governance focus on actors, relationships and ways of managing them that recognized the particular institutional context in which they were embedded, in contrast to the more macro-level focus of much other health governance research.
We discuss interwoven roots of these problems at macro, meso, and micro levels of governance of the science and technology (S&T) system and the need for political will if they are to be overcome.
Despite recognition of the importance of people in understanding health system functioning, much less attention has been given to a micro-perspective in this governance literature, i.e. to considering the individual within the system (Bossert 1998; de Davigny and Adam 2009; Sheikh et al. 2011).
At the micro level, individual actors from differing governance arrangements interact beyond what is formally required.
Brinkerhoff and Bossert [ 13] offer an approach to conceptualizing governance that focuses on the micro level of relationships among system actors, nested within wider organizational and system settings.
In other words, such overarching ecological notions allow a conceptualisation encompassing elements both of 'level' of governance activity (e.g. micro practice/meso institution/macro policy - [ 90]) and the geographically distributed interaction of multiple innovation-governance actors in the global political economy.
The precondition is the availability of a basic set of reliable, valid, meaningful and timely indicators of health system structures, processes and outcomes on macro (governance and financing), meso (organizational) and micro (clinical delivery) governance levels.
In the context of the shifting innovation paradigm from 'closed' to 'open' innovation thinking at the micro level, a more open and systemic understanding of innovation governance emerged at the policy level, too [33].
Governance is either by market or by a micro-managed culture of targets and performance.
Little attention has been given to a micro-perspective which recognizes the role of health system actors in governance, or to considering the operational level of the health system.
