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HLA-transgenic mice with knockouts of murine MHC molecules have proven to be an excellent preclinical model for the characterization of epitopes relevant to T cell recognition in humans.
Macrophages from mice with knockouts of a variety of inflammasome components produce significantly less IL-1β compared with wild-type animals following challenge with MSU or CPPD crystals.
The essential role of HR in replication is illustrated by the pronounced proliferative defect and embryonic lethality of mice with knockouts of genes that control HR, including the Rad51 recombinase or the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA2 or BRCA1 (Powell and Kachnic, 2003).
Therefore, we assume that cFLIP-independent, thymocyte subset-specific apoptotic mechanisms are operative: While such mechanisms are largely unknown in MG thymomas, 10 they have been described in mice with knockouts of various stromal genes, such as CD80, CD86, and CD40.
Similar rescue and partial rescue phenotypes were observed in mES cells, blastocysts, or mice with knockouts of other genes, such as Brca1 [ 23- 25], Brca2 [ 26], Rad51 [ 27], Cdc7 [ 28], Pict1 [ 29], L11 [ 30], Aurora kinase A [ 31], or Tsg101 [ 32].
Mice with knockouts of individual α-neurexin genes have modestly decreased postnatal viability, while double knockout mice have greatly decreased postnatal survival.
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Furthermore, the expression of PI3K in mice with knockout phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase (beta) gene was correlated with hypersensitivity to insulin [72].
Cells from mice with knockout of caspase-1 did not produce any response.
Nevertheless, the diurnal distribution of feeding was altered between the mice, with knockout mice consuming a greater amount of food during the light phase of the day.
Interestingly, mice with knockout (KO) of 5α-reductase type 1 develop an abnormal cervix that fails to ripen at labour (Mahendroo et al., 1999).
Of note, mice with knockout of Pkbβ (also known as Akt2), unlike those with knockout of Pkbα (also known as Akt1) [ 34], have a decrease in beta cell mass that parallels an increase in beta cell apoptosis [ 35].
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