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Increased mammary tumor formation was observed in transgenic mice with gain of function in RANK following pregnancy or in wildtype mice following treatment with progesterone, a process that was arrested using a RANKL inhibitor [ 6].
These include targeted null mutations for Dmrt4 [ 20], Ahch/Dax1 [ 21], Gcnf [ 22], Ghr [ 23], Bmp15/Gdf9 double mutants [ 24], Foxc1 [ 25], the Notch signaling modulator Lfng [ 26], and transgenic mice with gain of function for rat inhibin-α [ 27].
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Previously, mice with gain-of-function (GOF) 6.2 mutations (Kir6.2 GOF) were engineered to help elucidate IKATP function in the heart.
Transgenic female mice with gain-of-function FST, in which mouse follistatin was over-expressed, developed thin uteri and small ovaries, resulting in infertility [ 99].
Owing to the lack of PDE1 isoenzyme-selective inhibitors, developing genetically engineered aging mice with gain- or loss-of-PDE1A or -PDE1C function will be useful.
Here we use chromosome engineering to generate mouse models with gain and loss of a region corresponding to human 1p36.
Moreover, rare GISTs have been shown to be related to familial KIT mutations (Nishida et al, 1998), and transgenic mice with a gain-of-function mutation of KIT have a high incidence of GIST (Sommer et al, 2003).
A number of genetically modified mouse lines with gain- and loss-of-function mutations in Pdgf and Pdgf receptor genes have been created in order to understand PDGFs physiological functions.
Examining wound healing in mice with the same gain of function mutation in LRP5, Kim and colleagues showed that at the injury site osteoprogenitor cells maintained their proliferative state and have delayed osteoblastic differentiation resulting in an 84% reduction in injury-induced bone regeneration compared with controls [56].
In vertebrates the function of miR-9 has been studied in fish and mice with loss and gain-of-function approaches.
By the end of three weeks, the mice with injected beige fat gained half as much weight and had lower levels of blood glucose and circulating fatty acids compared with control mice.
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