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Finally, we performed transcriptome analysis of whole ankle joints isolated from Nampt+/+ and Nampt+/− mice which demonstrated the enrichment of osteoclastogenesis genes and pathways and provided insight into the roles of Nampt in the pathogenesis of CIA.
Insulin sensitivity was markedly decreased in the transgenic mice, as demonstrated by an insignificant decline in glucose levels after insulin injection compared with the control mice, which demonstrated more than a 65% reduction in glucose levels (P <.001).
In addition, exercise reduced striatal neuron loss in the R6/1 mice but increased striatal neuronal intra-nuclear inclusion size and number relative to non-exercised R6/1 mice which demonstrated increased numbers of extra-neuronal inclusions, suggesting that the functional effects were striatally mediated.
However, I carried out a similar set of experiments utilizing follistatin transgenic mice, which demonstrated that these additional ligands do play a major role in suppressing muscle growth.
Mice injected with PC3N-A6-WT cellshoweded increased spontaneous flinching behavior compared to PC3N-A6-RR treated mice which demonstrated low levels of flinching that were comparable to control animals (Fig. 4a).
Much of what we know about TB immunity and genetics we have learned from experiments in inbred laboratory mice, which demonstrated that humans and mice are similar in the main features of the innate and adaptive immune responses to mycobacteria, that is, the protective role of CD4+ T cells, activated macrophages, IFN-γ, and TNF-α [4].
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Comparative analysis of these two responses has revealed that B6 mice, type 1-dominant responders, exhibit increased inflammation, leading to an exacerbated disease response when compared to BALB/c mice, which demonstrate a less severe/resistant response and are classified as type 2-dominant.
Indeed, these findings are consistent with other findings in cathepsin S null mice which demonstrate impaired microvessel development [11] and in tumour models, impaired tumour angiogenesis [12].
However, muscle function was not compromised in adbn−/− mice, which demonstrates that substantial muscle cell necrosis can occur without adverse effect on physiological performance.
This contrasts with the striking change in ribbon morphology observed in Bassoon knockout mice, which demonstrate a similar neurotransmission phenotype [24].
These data are in agreement with cardiac sparing in adenylyl cyclase (AC5) null mice, which demonstrate an upregulation of both the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and cell protective molecules such as superoxide dismutase [5].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com