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More importantly, the adapted virus gained the ability to replicate efficiently in mice when inoculated intranasally.
In this model, the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line reliably forms osteolytic bone lesions in nude mice when inoculated into the left cardiac ventricle.
In xenotransplantation assays to identify cancer stem cells in primary tumors, it is pertinent that only the cancer stem cell fraction and not the negative fraction had tumorinitiating capacity in mice when inoculated in Matrigel [ 17].
All donor inocula give similar incubation periods in ovinised transgenic (Tg338) mice when inoculated as part of a separate study (Spiropoulos, personal communication), although some difference in titre is likely to be masked by the sensitivity of these mice.
Since WNV-MAD78 is non-pathogenic in mice when inoculated in the periphery [ 6, 7], it is a useful strain for comparison studies with pathogenic lineage 1 strains such as WNV-NY99 or WNV-TX02, for which infectious clones are also available.
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In Figure 1 we show the evolution of the natural infection in mice when inoculating the bacteria subcultured for 40 and 80 passages compared with the control (T0).
Alternatively, FCT-region proteins that are not necessarily in a pilus form may be critical, such as Cpa, whose expression is enhanced in Alab49 rofA::aad9 (Table 1) and which plays a crucial role in virulence in the humanized mouse when inoculated during logarithmic phase, despite loss of the polymeric pilus structure in the Δcpa mutant [17].
In particular LNCaP cells are only moderately tumorigenic in nude mice and when inoculated sc in intact nude mice, formed tumor starting from 50 days after inoculation in about 30% of mice injected with 1*10 cells.
Indeed the mice reconstituted with BM from Prp0/0 mice have the same incubation time as mice reconstituted with BM from wild type mice, or from mice overexpressing PrPc, even when inoculated with limiting prion doses.
MCF7 cells have previously been shown to home to and grow in mouse long bones when inoculated directly into the bloodstream [ 27].
The LD50 of χ10019 pCD1Ap) was the same as KIM5+ (LD50<10) when inoculated mice were injected with arabinose, indicating full complementation of the attenuation phenotype.
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