In VEGF-C -/- mice, the sprouting of lymphatic vessels can be rescued by adding VEGF-C or VEGF-D (another lymphangiogenic growth factor that binds VEGFR3) but not VEGF, which indicates that the lymphangiogenic effects of VEGF-C are mediated primarily through VEGFR3 [ 27].
Consistent with this, we have found that the onset of UNC5H expression by DA neurons coincides with the emergence of a phenotype in dcc +/− mice on sprouting of TH positive terminals in the mPFC; remarkably this effect is not observed prior to puberty (our unpublished observations).
Researchers suspect that this sprouting may help the brain recover.
With this model, we demonstrate that even in the arthritic knee joint of these geriatric mice, robust sprouting and formation of neuroma-like structures by both sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers was observed in all CFA-injected animals and in none of the vehicle-injected mice.
Ex vivo, aortae excised from Fkbpl+/+ mice demonstrated ordered sprouting; however, this process appeared to be significantly enhanced in Fkbpl+/neo, and vessel sprouts were highly branched and numerous.
In 10-month-old mice, no overt sprouting in any of the mouse lines was observed.
The aortae from Fkbpl+/neo mice showed enhanced sprouting and disordered branching.
Whereas 100% of CFA-injected mice showed significant sprouting of CGRP+, NF200+, GAP43+, and TH+ nerve fibers, five of six mice had two to three neuroma-like structures in the synovium.
In murine angiogenesis models, including the ex vivo aortic ring assay, in vivo sponge assay, and tumor growth assay, Fkbpl+/− mice exhibited increased sprouting, enhanced vessel recruitment, and faster tumor growth, respectively, supporting the antiangiogenic function of FKBPL.
From this sprouted the thought of the name Hoppertunity.
