Histological analysis of Apc knockout mice revealed abnormal proliferation and disrupted differentiation of pulmonary mesenchymal cells and inhibition of branching morphogenesis and vasculogenesis [45].
As a consequence transgenic mice revealed abnormal early T cell development, revealed by increased numbers of DN cells in the S phase of the cell cycle.
Quantitative EEG on freely moving mice revealed abnormal brain activity in both Rac KO mice, with more evident significant slowing of theta alpha rhythms in Rac1N than in Rac3KO animals (Supplementary Fig. 4).
However, compared with wild-type mice and single EphB mutants, histological evaluation of the medial cornu ammonis area 3 (CA3) in the hippocampus of Ephb1 Ephb2 compound null mice revealed abnormally broader localization, and thus abnormal migration of pyramidal neurons in this region but not in CA1 (boxed area, Figure 7A).
Splenic sections from Drf1−/−RhoB−/− mice also revealed abnormal ratios of myeloid and erythroid composition (frequently a myeloid:erythroid ratio greater than 2.0) and an increased presence of extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) (Fig. 1C).
Morphological analysis of sciatic nerve from Fig4 Floxed/plt, P0-Cre mice also revealed abnormal cytosolic enlarged vacuoles, accumulation of vesicles, organelles and myelin debris (Fig. 3A and B).
More recent studies involving homozygous Smad-3-deficient mice have revealed abnormal hypertrophic differentiation of articular chondrocytes, leading to the progressive loss of articular cartilage resembling the pathology of osteoarthritic degenerative joint disease [ 103].
Microarray analysis of gene expression in hearts from one of these models, Lmna-H222P knock-in mice, has revealed abnormal activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways, which are both branches of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade (Muchir et al., 2007b).
In vivo studies using FTO overexpression or knockout mouse models have revealed abnormal adipose tissues and body mass, suggesting a pivotal role of FTO in adipogenesis and energy homeostasis.
The introduction of a presumably non-intimidating, same sex stranger mice in the cage revealed abnormal social behavior of the Mbd5 +/GT mice; they spent significantly more time interacting with the stranger than WT mice.
Ultrastructural analysis of the lesional dermis from bleomycin-injected wild-type mice revealed markedly abnormal arrangement of collagen fibrils, with normal large diameter collagen fibrils replaced by small collagen fibrils of 41.5 nm.
