Here, we show that mice lacking both ADAMs 17 and 19 have exacerbated defects in heart development compared to mice lacking either ADAM, providing the first evidence for redundant or compensatory functions of ADAMs in development.
Comparison of mice lacking either type I or type II IFN receptors showed that, at least in response to some viruses, both IFN systems are essential for antiviral defense and are functionally nonredundant.
It was reported that obese mice lacking either TNF-α or IL-6 show protection against developing insulin resistance, while chronic exposure to TNF-α, IL-6 or leptin activates PTP1B gene and reduces the expression of IRS proteins in myocytes or adipocytes of mice [17, 18, 19].
S1P-induced hypersensitivity to thermal stimulation was strongly reduced in mice lacking either TRPV1 channels or neuronally expressed S1P1 receptors.
Using genetically modified mice lacking either GluK1 or GluK2, we have shown unambiguously that GluK2 and not GluK1 subunit contribute to the recorded KAR currents.
Non-redundant functions of these transcription factors are suggested by the distinct phenotypes observed in mice lacking either Tcf1 or Lef1.
To establish TNFR specificity and discriminate receptor usage in the development of PF, BLM was administered to genetically modified mice lacking either receptor (tnfRI−/− and tnfRII−/− ).
To address this question it will be important to analyze 24 weeks old mice lacking either Krm1 alone, or both murine Krm genes in future experiments.
Deficits in DNA methylation in transgenic mice lacking either maintenance DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase1) or de novo DNMT3a, DNMT3b result in lethality at specific stages of development [18], [19].
Mice lacking both genes have multiple defects, including duplicated neural tubes and malformed limb buds, whereas mice lacking either gene alone do not exhibit these defects [37], [38].
The distinct phenotypes of mice lacking either PDGFRα or PDGFRβ suggest that PDGFRs might have unique effectors and/or distinct spatial and temporal expression pattern in vivo.
