Adipose-specific RAPTOR knockout mice show similar properties with those long-lived mice, including increased leanness and resistance to diet-induced obesity accompanied by improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (Polak and Hall, 2009).
Overexpression of SIRT1 in transgenic mice confers many of the same phenotypes as CR in mice, including increased performance in a rotarod assay [ 19].
However, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity due to isoeugenol in male B6C3F1 mice, including increased incidence of hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatocellular adenoma with carcinoma.
Stimulation of inflammation also recapitulates many AD features in mice, including increased levels of cleaved APP fragments, altered tau phosphorylation [ 143] and declining motor and cognitive skills.
Various experiments revealed behavioral abnormalities in these mice, including increased depression-like and disinhibition-like behavior, in addition to impaired cognitive behavior in older animals, all of which are behavioral phenotypes observed in FTLD patients [ 72].
μCT scanning also revealed several other skeletal abnormalities in ptpn11 fl/fl ert2-cre mice, including increased rib thickness, evidence of previous rib fractures and the presence of ectopic calcified growths on ribs (Fig. 4C and data not shown).
Analysis of TLQP21-treated mice revealed a phenotype with numerous additional similarities to VGF knockout mice including increased energy expenditure, increased WAT β2-adrenergic receptor mRNA levels, increased WAT UCP1 mRNA levels, normal locomotor activity, and decreased WAT weight {see Results and [ 21]}.
However, a detailed analysis of mutant skins from 7- to 8-week-old animals revealed significant differences with wild-type mice including increased proliferation index, expansion of the K14-positive basal layer, and reduction on the thickness of the intermediate K10-positive skin layer (Mulero et al, 2013).
Altered cardiac structure of heterozygous Col1a2-deficient oim mice, including increased septal and posterior wall thickness, and left ventricular volume (20), as well as decreased integrity of the thoracic aorta (21), was associated with decreased collagen and indicates the importance of the absent a2(I) chain.
Some proteins that change with age in WT but not in Casp2 −/− mice include increases in a number of glucose-metabolising enzymes, including fructose-1,6-bisphophatase, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 and decreases in a substantial number (>40) of 40S and 60S ribosomal proteins (Supplementary Table S2).
