Neither Fcγ receptor deficient nor B-cell-deficient mice had overt arthritis [ 11, 12], suggesting that anti-GPI antibodies play an indispensable role in this model.
These results indicate that 74% of the Crh− 120 /+ mice had overt diabetes mellitus, although a minority (26%) were observed to have normal concentrations of glucose, indicating the progressive nature of the phenotypes and the variability of the onset of diabetes mellitus associated with CS in these mice.
Hematopoiesis in cathepsin G-/ mice is normal, and the mice have no overt abnormalities in blood clotting.
Mmp8-null mice have no overt phenotype, with normal embryonic development, fertility, and long-term survival [34].
Interestingly, Cad−/− mice have no overt phenotype; mice lacking DNAse II, the enzyme that degrades the chromatin of engulfed cells in macrophages, die because of constitutive production of interferon β [25], and Dnase2−/− Ifnar1−/− double mutant mice (that survive excessive interferon β production because they lack the receptor) develop chronic polyarthritis [26].
AP-4 β4 knockout mice have no overt abnormalities, except for mild motor neuron impairment.
Kaiso mutant mice have no overt phenotype and no indication of gross methylation abnormalities, but this does not rule out more subtle defects.
Such mice have no overt metabolic phenotype which would be indicative of increased signalling through this receptor, but the consequences of this genetic manipulation on anxiety and depressive-like behaviours has yet to be determined.
LRRK2 null mice have no overt dopaminergic deficit or clear pathology in the brain, although age-dependent renal atrophy is observed that is associated with the aggregation of α-syn in renal tubules of the aged kidney [ 133, 134].
Although Mmp8-null mice have no overt phenotype without challenge (and of particular relevance for the present study we have seen no abnormalities in early mammary gland morphogenesis by whole mount staining, data not shown), they show altered inflammatory responses in several disease or pathology models, which can result in either exacerbation or protection depending on the context.
