Additionally, female mice exhibit much higher γ-secretase activity in aged brain compared to male mice.
Notably, Ames dwarf mice exhibit much reduced levels of mtDNA damage and higher levels of circulating HN compared to their controls (Sanz et al., 2002).
Although the onset of mouse Lhx5 expression in the prospective forebrain occurs earlier and the expression is more intense than Lhx1 expression, Lhx5 null mice exhibit much milder brain defects in hippocampal development, possibly due to functional compensation by Lhx1 (Zhao et al., 1999).
Furthermore, the bovine TAAR3 did not show any detectable activity and even the rat TAAR3, which is 95.6% identical to the mouse TAAR3 protein, exhibited much lower efficacy and potency to both agonists (Figures 4A, B).
Cultured hippocampal neurons from npc1−/− mice exhibited a much higher rate of growth cone collapse (78±2% vs 8±2%; n = 100 growth cones, p<0.01) with small growth cones and few or no filopodia, as compared to those from npc1+/+ mice.
If the NMDA receptor (especially in CA3) were to play an essential role in pattern completion during memory retrieval, one should expect the forebrain knockout mice to exhibit much more profound memory retrieval deficits than that of CA3-specific NMDA knockout mice.
As can be seen in Fig. 5A, mice that received combined treatment of 4 Gy radiation and Ubenimex exhibited much smaller tumors compared with mice that received no treatment or were treated with only radiation or Ubenimex.
