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Leptin-deficient mice exhibit marked obesity, hyperphagia, insulin resistance, hypothermia and increased food efficiency [40], whereas iNOS knockout mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity, showing reduced epididymal fat pads and increased body temperature [26], [33].
Liver-specific SMAD4 (the common downstream mediator for all TGF-β superfamily ligands) knock-out mice exhibit marked iron accumulation and fail to increase hepcidin expression in response to TGF-β1, BMP-4, IL-6 or iron overload, suggesting a common role for SMAD4 in the manifold pathways of hepcidin regulation [14].
Of note, mutant Mn-SOD heterozygous knockout mice exhibit marked sensitization of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and premature induction of apoptosis.
Recent studies have linked osteocalcin to improved glycaemic handling in tissues[ 31], and osteocalcin knockout mice exhibit marked insulin resistance and an adverse metabolic phenotype[ 32].
Mice heterozygous for the deletion of the TGF-β1 gene (tgfβ1+/-) have a 50% reduction in levels of TGF-β1 in artery walls and, when fed a cholesterol-enriched diet, such mice exhibit marked deposition of lipid in the artery wall as compared with wild-type mice [ 9].
In contrast the Tau4RTg2652 mice exhibit marked but highly variable accumulation of aggregated tau in the detergent soluble (RIPA) and detergent insoluble (FA) fractions.
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Demonstrating the sensitivity of the paradigm to genetic factors, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice exhibited marked differences in discrimination and reversal learning.
These mice exhibited marked vulnerability to motor neuron loss after axonal injury [ 8].
ptpn11 fl/fl ert2-cre mice exhibited marked weight loss prior to death (Fig. 1B).
Paws of hTNFtg mice exhibited marked activation of both p38MAPKα and ERK (Fig. 1a,c) compared with wild-type mice.
In comparison, the treated mice exhibited marked improvement of the cutaneous lesions and reduction of overall parasite load.
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