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In mice, establishing a stable XX ESC line is not easy due to loss of one X chromosome.
After hypertrophic stimulation, osteoglycin knockout mice show reduced ventricular mass compared with wild-type mice, establishing a causal relationship between osteoglycin expression and increased left ventricular mass.
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This analysis revealed a similar reduction in CD4+ DCs to that seen in fully deficient mice, establishing an intrinsic role for EBI2 in these cells and showing that the phenotype was not increased when the mutant cells had to compete with wild-type cells.
In summary, GFP expression pattern in Opn4Cre/+;Z/EG mice established (a) restricted expression of melanopsin in RGC layer and (b) sufficient CRE activity in vast majority of both M1 and M2 type mRGCs.
Another observation supporting a different glucose-sensing set-point is that xenotransplants of human islets into mice establish a lower blood glucose baseline [ 44].
One week after tumor cell injection, mice established a palpable tumor mass and the animals were then randomly assigned to treatment and control cohorts.
Indeed, in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, a significantly augmented disease progression of Nr2f6 knockout mice establishes a critical and non-redundant functional threshold mechanism of NR2F6 for repressing Th17 cell pathology both in vivo and in vitro [ 57].
On the other hand, group-housed male mice establish a dominance hierarchy leading to individual differences in the level of testosterone, which would also be expected to increase variation in phenotype [ 9].
Acute toxicity and lethality (LD50) test in mice established an i.p LD50 of 894 mg/kg for the methanol extract (ME).
Furthermore, systemic PrEP with a combination of antiretrovirals (FTC: emtricitabine and TDF: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) prevents vaginal HIV-1 transmission in BLT mice establishing this model as a novel system for in vivo preclinical evaluation of HIV prevention modalities [24].
Male ApoE-KO mice established on a C57BL/6 genetic background (7 weeks-old; 18 – 20 g) were purchased from the Medical Research Center of Peking University (Beijing, China).
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