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Since DDD mice demonstrate spontaneous severe akinesia and rigidity [12], pre-treatment with DA antagonists did not induce additional locomotor effects in vehicle infused controls.
Only Mbnl1 ΔE3/ΔE3 and Mbnl1 ΔE3/ΔE3/mice3 ΔE2 mice demonstrate spontaneous myofiber electrical activity.
PA28γ has been implicated in the regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis, and embryonic fibroblasts of PA28γ nullizygous mice demonstrate spontaneous apoptosis and G1 arrest (Rechsteiner and Hill, 2005).
However, under hypoxic-ischaemia brain injury, SLC2A3 heterozygote mice demonstrate spontaneous seizures and undergo enhanced brain apoptosis/necrosis, while control wild-type mice do not, suggesting that a difference in phenotype becomes more pronounced under stress (19).
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Importantly, CD151 KO mice at 30 weeks of age (i.e., "elderly" mice) demonstrated spontaneous lung fibrosis without changes in the inflammatory response.
In contrast, mice do not demonstrate spontaneous AHR, as they fail to develop an airway constrictive response to histamine [ 8].
Nonetheless, in support of the effects of PA28γ on p53 regulation, PA28γ−/− mice, although viable, have reduced adult body mass, growth retardation, and demonstrate spontaneous apoptosis and G1 arrest in embryonic fibroblasts.
Harada et al. [ 18] showed that mice with deficient expression of the glutamate transporters, GLAST or EAAC-1, demonstrate spontaneous RGC death and optic nerve degeneration without elevated IOP.
Moreover, Pml knockout mice demonstrated elevated spontaneous and chemically-induced tumorigenesis [ 32].
As shown in Fig. 3, untreated MitoPark mice demonstrated significantly reduced spontaneous locomotor activity at 16 weeks of age, when compared to age-matched controls.
The most commonly used models for T1DM development are the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse and the Bio Breeding (BB) rat demonstrating spontaneous insulitis, influx of autoimmune cells into pancreatic islets attacking insulin producing beta-cells, and T1DM development [ 8– 10].
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