On a more subtle level, loss of GABAAR-mediated synaptic inhibition in Purkinje cells of PC-Δγ2 mice caused abnormal patterns of simple spikes, strongly compromising cerebellar learning [17].
Infusion of 3-MT at this behaviorally active concentration (Figure 1A) to saline pre-treated DDD mice caused abnormal movements as evidenced by significantly increased horizontal activity counts in 1 hour period (1097±459 in saline pre-treated 3-MT infused group vs. 50±27 in saline pre-treated vehicle infused controls, * p<0.05; Student's t-test n = 4-6 per group).
Expression of IGFBP-1 is rapidly induced after PH, and the loss of this protein in mice caused abnormal liver regeneration characterized by severe necrosis, reduced and delayed DNA synthesis by hepatocytes, and blunted activation of Erk1/2.
In another study, [ 115] it was observed that large vessel remodeling and maturation were abnormal in VEGFR-3 null mice embryos, causing abnormal fluid in the pericardial cavity and resulting in death after E9.5 by cardiovascular failure.
In both chick and mouse models, pharmacologically- or genetically-induced immobilisation causes abnormal ossification and mechanically substandard bones.
He is doing further research to determine whether frequent use of this compound causes abnormal brain development in offspring of exposed mice.
Interestingly, Girardi and co-workers showed that complement activation induces the release of sFlt-1 from monocytes and causes abnormal placental development and fetal death in mice [ 40].
The heart-specific deletion of Atg5 causes abnormal heart morphology and the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates and damaged mitochondria in mice [ 184].
Taken together, these data demonstrate that BPA exposure alters trophoblast cell invasion and causes abnormal placental vessel remodeling, both of which lead to the development of preeclampsia-like features in pregnant mice.
Mouse knockout studies show that NFIA mutation results in hydrocephalus and abnormal brain development [8], NFIB mutation causes retarded lung development [9] and NFIC mutation causes abnormal tooth development [10], with very little overlap in phenotypes.
