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In the presence of TNF-α and TGF-β, an in vitro culture of hematopoietic precursors from RANKL-, RANK-, or TRAF6-deficient mice can differentiate to osteoclasts, suggesting the potential existence of alternative routes for osteoclast differentiation [11].
The 3T3-L1 cell, as a fibroblast cell from mice, can differentiate into adipocyte in a given condition [18, 19].
So, in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL as well as lymphocytes, spleen cells from KΔ75 mice can differentiate into multinucleated osteoclasts but these are not functional similarly to what is observed in vivo inKΔ75 mice.
Together, these results indicated that the DNCD3 splenic cells from young NOD mice can differentiate into more mature T-cells in a lymphopenic/immunodeficient environment like the NOD/Scid mouse, as well as in a well-established autoimmune environment like the pre-diabetic NOD mouse.
The finding of pregnancy-induced mammary gland development prompted us to investigate how mammary epithelial progenitor cells in pregnant SirT1ko/ko mice can differentiate so rapidly.
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Both wild-type and mutant Tie2+ mesenchymal progenitor cells constitute much of the early anabolic fibroproliferative lesion in the chimeric mice and can differentiate into heterotopic bone.
A previous study demonstrated that hES cells transplanted into the developing mouse brain can differentiate into neural lineages and generate mature, functional human neurons that successfully integrate into the adult mouse forebrain [37].
For example, previous reports demonstrated that MSCs survive following transplantation into different mouse models, can differentiate into neural cells and promote recovery of brain function (Mezey 2007).
In the BMR mice, however, pCSCs can differentiate into various types of tissue cells, including endothelial-like cells, suggesting that they might have the capacity to form blood vessels in tumorigenic environments [15].
Recent studies have demonstrated that mouse ES cells can differentiate into female and male germ cells in vitro, thus producing ovarian follicle-like structures [1], [4] and testicular germ cells 2, 3.
Mouse ES cell can differentiate into neuronal and glial lineage cells, both in vitro and following transplantation into the ischemic brain.
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