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And land use/cover spatiotemporal dynamic change characteristics can be preferably expressed by pattern metrics of change trajectories and R values based on topographical data.
Efforts should target identifying metrics of change that can be linked to ecosystem function or service provision, particularly where those metrics show strongly non-linear effects in relation to the stressor.
The metrics of change in taxa richness and proportional turnover metrics differ in that proportional turnover uses an average of taxa richness between the two years, so if there was low species richness in both years and one species was lost, it would be a high percent turnover but the absolute change in species richness would not be dramatically different.
These instruments, however, do not permit the interpretation of those metrics of change across studies, nor do they allow for the capture of unanticipated changes.
The impact on strategies such as that being applied toward immunization was in part to place greater emphasis on programs that could be easily counted and where the metrics of change could be easily measured over annual time frames.
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We looked at the influence on metrics of changes in grain size through resampling and changes in minimum mapping unit (MMU) through smoothing.
24 Four metrics of DEXA change were used in the analyses: (1) change as a raw score (ΔFMkg), (2) change in percentage (ΔFMpercentage), (3) change in z-score (ΔFMz-score) and (4) change in FMI (ΔFMI).
19 Four metrics of BMI change were used in the analyses: (1) change in BMI as a raw score, (ΔBMIkg/m), (2) change in BMI per cent (ΔBMIpercentage), (3) change in BMI centile (ΔBMIcentile) and (4) change in BMI z-score (ΔBMIz-score).
This study explored which metrics of BMI change have the highest correlations with different metrics of DEXA change.
Urbanisation of beaches is, however, not without environmental consequences, but metrics of ecological change along metropolitan coasts are poorly developed.
Some might consider MWTP and ECV as old-fashioned, redundant metrics of welfare change – arguing that it is better to evaluate predicted choice probabilities for a selected group of products (bundles of attributes).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com