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In a simulation study, both methods yielded unbiased population estimates under most conditions.
Both methods yielded unbiased estimates except for total log length, which LIM underestimated in harvested stands.
While all methods yielded unbiased estimates of treatment effect, ignoring centres led to inflation of standard error and loss of statistical power when within centre correlation was present.
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The IPWRA method yields unbiased treatment effects under the CIA (conditional independence assumption) hypothesis, which states that, conditional on a set of pre-determined variables, potential treatments are as good as randomly assigned to individuals.
On the other hand, our delta method approach yielded unbiased estimates of the selection coefficient, irrespective of the sampling frequency or sample size.
The 'original' Calvert equation (method 3) yielded unbiased predictions on average, that is there was no systematic error, but the individual predictions deviated from the respective individual estimates between −49 and 101 ml min−1.
Like the DS method, the DO method will yield unbiased estimates of the entire population only if all individuals have the potential to be observed with the survey techniques.
Cross-validation showed that the method yields unbiased predictions and correctly assesses the prediction accuracy.
Although in theory the method yields unbiased estimates, the estimation based on 100,000 samples is a huge underestimation.
With quite a few probes in one probeset, the ordinary least squares (OLS) method yields unbiased estimates of N A and N B. The summation of N A and N B gives the total concentration N (See [ 20] and Additional file 1).
Although expected values of estimates will be identical to that of the background distribution (and hence, the sampling method will yield unbiased estimates), such an importance sampler will be unreliable in practice due to the large sampling variance.
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