Missing data were imputed for discrimination and CES-D using the individual mean imputation method, which imputes a value based on how a subject responds to other questions.
51 If the results were suggestive of publication bias, an adjusted ES was calculated using Duval and Tweedie's 52 trim and fill method, which imputes ES of missing studies and recalculates the ES accordingly.
Recently, researchers proposed a new MM-based imputation method, called BLIMP, which imputes genotypes/allele frequencies for unmeasured SNPs by using the conditional expectation formula for multivariate normal variates (Wen and Stephens, 2010).
For more specific evaluation of the presence and extent of publication bias we used the non-parametric trim and fill method according to Duval and Tweedie, 51 which imputes missing studies in the funnel plot based on symmetry assumptions.
In 2009 their per song royalty rate was.093 cents per song which imputes that Pandora transmitted 29.8 billions songs.
Often, the more negative result is coded 0 (negative response), thus: (4) One of the most commonly used methods of imputation in PRO is the Personal Mean Score (PMS) method which involves imputing a missing value using the average score of the individual on the observed responses (rounded to the nearest integer) [ 16, 17].
As a result, we undertook sensitivity analysis using the trim and fill method, which conservatively imputes hypothetical negative unpublished studies to mirror the positive studies that cause funnel plot asymmetry.
While there are much less demanding methods which avoid the genotype imputation step by directly imputing SNP statistics, e.g. Directly Imputing summary STatistics (DIST) proposed by our group, their implicit assumptions make them applicable only to ethnically homogeneous cohorts.
This was done by t-test, paired or unpaired as appropriate, rather than by non-parametric methods which were associated with a serious loss of power due to the gross discreteness of the small area based, randomly imputed Townsend score.
We used multiple imputation with chained equations, a well-recognized imputation method, which accommodates both categorical and continuous variables, to impute missing values.
