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The arguments used vary from comparison principles, degree theory or variational methods to approximation theory.
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He criticized Nicholas of Cusa's approximations and methods to approximate the value of π and gave the approximation 3.14343.
(2) Use robust method to estimate an approximation value, and then use the shrinkage operator in (33) to obtain the estimated coefficients.
Next, we present a new approximation method to estimate γ n and D n in Algorithm 3.2.
An approximation method to estimate reliability of single-step results has been developed [ 23].
Miettinen suggested the doubling-of-cases method to estimate OR as an approximation of RR using logistic regression based on a modified dataset [ 6].
Methods to compute the approximation and the filtering errors for the proposed techniques are also devised.
A bound tightening strategy based on the application of branch and bound methods to the Outer Approximation algorithm is shown to be the most effective approach.
The approximations are combined with efficient simulation methods to generate explicit approximations of reliability measures in terms of the design variables.
In this paper, we propose to use SMC methods to obtain consistent approximations of smoothing expectations of POD processes by extending the PaRIS algorithm.
In this paper, we have introduced the application of parametric model reduction methods to finite-state approximations of the chemical master equation.
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