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A fully grown decision tree typically overfits the observed data, and significant improvements can be obtained with ensemble methods that average the predictions of several randomized trees, e.g. Random Forests (Breiman, 2001) or Extra-Trees (Geurts et al., 2006).
Consequently, selection detection methods that average over entire coding regions can be misleading when selective pressures differ substantially across codons; They are unlikely to find elevated nonsynonymous mutation rates and, therefore, have low power to detect signatures of positive selection (e.g. [ 72, 73]).
Sanger sequencing can reach read lengths of up to roughly 1,000 base pairs, dwarfing most current next-generation methods that average fewer than 100 base pairs [ 15].
A key advantage of an assay at the single-cell level is that it obviates ambiguities attendant upon methods that average results over populations of cells.
These endpoint measurements are analogous to existing methods that average responses between cells, such as RT-PCR, DNA microarrays and reporter assays.
Neural expression patterns are usually studied using methods that average expression values over a brain region, and this averaging removes fine-resolution spatial information that may differentiate between brain regions.
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Some of these models use homogenization methods that render average values of stress and strain fields that do not represent the actual value of the fields neither in the fiber nor the matrix.
The recognition accuracy of sLTP, sCCLTP, and the four sparse-based methods that is averaged by 10 trials is given in Table 6 where we also include the leave-one-out result for each method.
However, physiological ATP concentrations, derived from methods that provide averaged ATP levels with no high spatial and temporal resolution from cell extracts, are usually found in the millimolar range (Beis and Newsholme, 1975).
The high-glucose cultures had focal 'hot spots' of greater DCF fluorescence intensities (quantified by thresholding the highest 2% fluorescence values; see the Materials and methods section) that averaged approximately twice those of the overall mean intensities in the high-glucose cultures (thresholded at 30%) at all time points.
The goal is to construct a more realistic model of reservoir heterogeneity using methods that do not average important reservoir properties.
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