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(Searching for more than one target using standard methods often requires large samples and a series of tests, but a GMR chip can do the job in a single pass with a sample as small as a single microlitre).Nanoparticles in a haystackSuch chips are extraordinarily sensitive.
Reliable microbial identification using conventional methods often requires several techniques, such as the use of colony morphology, gram staining, determination of nutritional requirements and/or biochemical reactions.
By contrast, the generation of micropatterns by photolithographic methods often requires a multistep process, hazardous reagents, expensive substrates, and processing equipment.
Standard methods of PCR analysis (delta Ct) were inappropriate for this array as evaluation of these methods often requires a good dilution curve for both standard and reference genes on every plate.
On the other hand, salivary analysis using laboratory-based assay methods often requires relatively large volumes of sample and involves multiple steps of sample acquisition, labelling, freezing, transportation, processing in the laboratory (e.g., centrifugation, sorting, aliquoting, and loading into the analyser), analysis, and, finally, results reporting.
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The proliferation of different forms of record eventually led to a much wider view of information storage and retrieval methods, often requiring the intervention of subject specialists who understood the work of their specialist colleagues.
These methods often require ideal synchronization or massive experimental data.
The traditional cutting methods often require an operator with full attention (Vilumsone-Nemes 2012).
Among them, the top-down methods often require sophisticated and expensive energy-consuming equipment [31].
Trust establishment methods often require monitoring and message exchange among distributed nodes.
However, these methods often require a seed layer and metal catalysts.
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