His work enabled other scientists, utilizing methods of X-ray diffraction, to ascertain unambiguously the precise molecular structures and the modes of propagation of several viruses.
Сrystal structure and mechanism of crystallization of Fe-Ni alloys were studied by methods of X-ray diffraction and metallography.
Working with mass-spectroscopy specialists at the French national research agency in Gif-sur-Yvette and with scientists at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, they used two types of mass spectroscopy and two methods of x-ray scanning.
Traditionally, high-resolution data for structural analysis of proteins or protein complexes have been generated by the powerful methods of X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
The potential catalysts then were characterized using various physicochemical methods of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL), and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet visible (DR-UV Vis).
The microstructure of nanocrystalline Ni powder produced by ball-milling and its thermal stability were investigated by applying different methods of X-ray diffraction line-profile analysis: single-line analysis, whole powder-pattern modelling and the (modified) Warren Averbach method were employed.
In many cases, some structural phases are not directly discernible by the diffraction-based methods of X-rays and neutron scattering [8, 9] due to either their small volume fraction and/or their lack of long-range periodicity, and therefore require an imaging approach [10, 11] for identification.
Two of the common methods of X-ray microfocusing depend upon X-ray reflection: K B mirrors and capillary optics.
The methods of X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy can provide detailed information on molecular structure and dynamics.
Since results were so similar, the determinations of radiographic OA from the two methods of X-ray were deemed comparable for this study.
Even as MRI has become increasingly used to study disease, methods of x-ray imaging have been refined so that x-ray acquisition is now standardized with scoring and measurements that permit accurate and reproducible characterization of disease progression.
