Only a few concerned the calculation method of rock pressure applied to shallow tunnel [8, 9].
The practice shows that using the method of rock angular displacement is very effective for monitoring and forecasting water inrush caused by coal seam floor failure.
A computational method of rock pressure applied to an ultra-shallow tunnel is presented by key block theory, and its mathematical formula is proposed according to a mechanical tunnel model with super-shallow depth.
Drilling and blasting is a preferred method of rock excavation world-wide due to low initial investment, cheap explosive energy, easy acceptability among the blasting engineers and, possibility to deal with different shapes and sizes of openings.
Some people find the backhanded method of rock skipping easier.
The different physical and chemical properties of the six most widely used nuclides: 3He, 10Be, 14C, 21Ne, 26Al, and 36Cl, make it possible to apply the surface exposure dating methods on rock surfaces of virtually any lithology at any latitude and altitude, for exposures ranging from 102 to 107 years.
Prior to the development of radiometric methods of dating rocks, the ages of rocks and other geologic features could not be expressed quantitatively, or as numbers of years, but instead were expressed solely in terms of relative ages, in which the age of a particular geologic feature could be expressed as relatively younger or older than other geologic features.
Whilst the project's primary aim was to produce a comprehensive, high-resolution, in-perpetuity record of known rock art, the methods used in the study also provided the opportunity to examine the advantages and disadvantages of these methods to rock art recording, heritage management and community engagement.
The selection of efficient support methods for rock tunneling is a key factor in order to reduce the number of problems during construction and maintain the project cost and time within the limited budget and planned schedule.
The examples described above point to great potentialities of the geophysical methods for rock deformation monitoring.
