A standardized method of causality assessment was used which may overcome some of the disadvantages of expert opinions in causality assessment of drug reactions.
Two studies used the French method of causality assessment, 22 one used the Hallas et al criteria 23 and one the WHO-Uppsala Monitoring Committee criteria 25 (Table 1).
The applied Naranjo probability scale is not optimal to estimate the likelihood of PPI-induced CLE, but there is still no universally accepted method for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions.
Review findings also highlight the need for longitudinal analyses, statistical methods to determine direction of causality, as well as the need to explore whether SE beliefs act as mediators or moderators (Baron & Kenny, 1986).
These methods for the assessment of causality in epidemiological studies has been previously described.[24] The propensity score represents the probability that a patient received the intervention (that is, metal-on-metal hip resurfacing).
The language of the method invokes causality in speaking of "causal" paths and effects but this language assumes that the model is correct [ 27].
For this, OLS estimations are considered appropriate to analyze and quantify observable variables of innovation processes; however, for dynamic effects, these methods often lead to problems of causality, endogeneity, and selectivity.
However, these methods do not inform us of causality between genes and phenotypes.
Results of causality assessment methods: de, definite; po, possible; pr, probable; un, unlikely.
