Sentence examples for methods of branch from inspiring English sources

Simulation studies have been successfully applied to address questions of character and taxon sampling strategies [ 51– 53] and also for comparing methods of branch support [ 54, 55].

For example, some procedures include methods of branch length estimation that are known to yield underestimates such as parsimony or minimum evolution methods [ 27], maximum likelihood models that neglect between-site rate heterogeneity [ 28], or use Bayesian methods with strong prior assumptions biased towards producing young date estimates and fast early molecular rates [ 26, 29, 30].

In order to observe the impact of character trimming methods on branch supports inside phylogenetic trees, we have focused on two different approaches to estimate confidence values on the internal branches of a phylogenetic tree: the bootstrap-based support [ 62] with BioNJ trees, and the approximate likelihood ratio test (aLRT; [ 63]) as implemented by default in PhyML 3.0 [ 64].

The optimal tree was built using Neighbor-Joining method (sum of branch length = 0.2448).

The degree of angiogenesis was measured by the following method: number of branch points and the total number of branches per point were counted, with the product indicating the degree of angiogenesis.

The degree of angiogenesis was measured by the following method: number of branch points and the total number of branches per point, with the product indicating the degree of angiogenesis.

Luckily, the current arsenal of methods for branch support includes not only the traditional bootstrap and jackknife, but also a number of alternative methods.

The AV method makes use of branch length information from individual gene trees, and we suspect the inferred AV supertree phylogeny amongst the { K. lactis, A. gossypii} and { S. kluyveri, K. waltii} clades may be suffering from long-branch attraction artifacts.

While a detailed description of redox potentials requires the methods of thermodynamics (the branch of physics concerned with the role played by heat in the transformation of matter or energy), a great deal of useful information can be obtained from redox potentials with minimal recourse to formal theory.

Long's book provides a detailed treatment of the methods of this evolutionary branch of biorobotics and may therefore be particularly informative and stimulating for roboticists and biologists who have never reflected on how robots might be used for such a purpose.

Although the phylogenetic distances are not independent because taxa share common evolutionary history, our previous results suggest that this does not affect the performance of the WLS method for branch testing [ 6].