In the Federal Highway Administration FHWAA) guidelines, the distance between two opposing walls is a key parameter used for determining the analysis methods of back-to-back walls and two extreme cases are identified: (1) reinforcements from both sides meet in the middle or overlap, and (2) the walls are far apart, independent of each other.
Unlike traditional methods of backing new companies, investors on Kickstarter do not gain a share of the company, nor do they have any say in its future operation.
Before the commencement of the study, the questionnaires were translated into Arabic by the method of back - translation.
Two native Arabs, who are fluent in English, jointly produced the Arabic translations of the instruments by the method of back - translation.
After slight modifications, two native Arabs, who are fluent in English, jointly produced the Arabic translations of the instruments by the method of back - translation.
However, the statistical method of back weighting accounted for any bias this along with attrition (due to drop-out) within the centres included may have introduced [ 25].
All these instruments were slightly modified to suit the Kuwaiti situation and translated into Arabic by the method of back - translation.
The process of modifying all these instruments to suit the Kuwaiti situation and translating them into Arabic (from the English version) by the method of back - translation has been described elsewhere [ 14].
The questionnaires were translated into Arabic by the method of back – translation and have been used in recent studies in Arab settings to assess chronically ill patients and their family caregivers [ 14- 19].
A method of backing a plate of flat glass with a thin sheet of reflecting metal came into widespread production in Venice during the 16th century; an amalgam of tin and mercury was the metal used.
The main objectives of this research were to present new method of back-calculation analysis and to compare the obtained results with destructive testing.
