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Spectral methods measure the electromagnetic radiation that is absorbed, scattered, or emitted by the analyte.
While traditional causal methods measure the effect of a single cause on an outcome, many modern scientific studies involve multiple causes, different variables whose effects are simultaneously of interest.
Both methods measure the distance from a fixed point on DNA to each occurrence of a particular base A, C, G, or T. DNA fragments obtained from a series of reactions are separated according to length in four "lanes" by gel electrophoresis.
Time of arrival (ToA): The ToA methods measure the distance from the unlocated devices to the anchor nodes through calculating the travel time of the signal.
These methods measure the reactions of volunteers who view television systems and are used to judge the performances of the systems.
The local contrast-based methods measure the visual rarity with respect to the local neighborhoods using multi-scale image features [1, 19, 20].
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Test methods measuring the effect of these parameters on healing efficiency are also described.
The comparison with other optimal assignment methods measures the influence of the applied information type on the final performance.
The scientists used satellite data that relied on three different methods, measuring the ice's volume, its flow over the landscape and its gravitational attraction.
Most of the previous phylogenetic analysis methods measured the performance with respect to an organism taxonomy.
In Figure 3B we compare how accurately the three methods measured the reporter ion ratios.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com