These methods involve direct fluorination, organic free radical additions, fluorine displacement reactions in fluoronanotubes, and fluoronanodiamond producing amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl group-terminated derivatives.
The majority of these new methods involve direct detection of microbial nucleic acids.
Furthermore, pollutants oxidation method involved, direct and/or indirect oxidation, was also investigated.
This method involved direct counting of viable cells and hence eliminated the possibility of interference from occurring.
The first method involves direct combination of the elements at high temperatures (2,000 °C [3,600 °F] or higher).
The method involves direct visualization using fluorescence microscopy close to both extremities of a porous packing.
The method involves direct summation of charged Debye Hückel spheres composing the nanostructural surfaces and, by including charge redistribution on the surface of conducting materials held at constant potential, is applicable to mixed boundary conditions.
The PhosphoScan® technique is a non-gel based method involving direct immunoaffinity precipitation of pY peptides concentrated from whole-cell-lysate digests; it facilitates identification of pY sites on both less-abundant proteins and proteins of low stoichiometry of phosphorylation, and importantly, avoids technical complications of peptide recovery from gel matrix.
The use of a qualitative method, involving direct (and mostly face-to-face) discussion between the participant and the researcher, may have increased the likelihood that participants would report dietary change, though no evidence was collected during this study that indicated that this actually occurred.
The BVFEP food store data in this study were originally collected using ground-truthed methods that involved direct observation of all food stores and food service places in all six rural counties, on-site collection of locational points using mobile Global Positioning System, and on-site collection of presence of fresh, canned, frozen, and 100% juice fruit and vegetables.
